8 Chinese Idioms With the Number Four (四)

Surrounded by hostility

Literal: Chu songs from four sides

This poignant idiom originates from the final battle of Xiang Yu in 202 BCE. Surrounded by Han forces at Gaixia, Xiang Yu heard songs (歌) from his homeland of Chu being sung from all four sides (四面), indicating his own people had surrendered to Liu Bang. The psychological warfare strategy proved dev...

At home anywhere

Literal: Four seas become home

Emerging during the Han Dynasty's period of expansion, this cosmopolitan idiom envisions the four seas (四海) becoming one's home (家). It reflected the era's growing international trade and cultural exchange along the Silk Road. Historical texts praise diplomats and merchants who could adapt to divers...

Habitually forgetful and disorganized

Literal: Lose three drop four

Ming Dynasty vernacular speech captured this pattern of losing three things (丢三) and dropping four (落四). The non-sequential numbers created a perfect image of random, unpredictable losses rather than systematic problems. Qing Dynasty officials adopted it to evaluate servant reliability. Today it des...

Extending in all directions; well-connected

Literal: Connected in four directions, reaching in eight

This idiom originated during the Warring States period and appears in 'Records of the Grand Historian' (史记). It describes roads or passages that connect and extend in all directions - four (四) main directions and eight (八) secondary ones, covering all possible paths. Originally used to describe the ...

Peace everywhere; universal harmony

Literal: Four seas rising in peace

This idiom describes the four seas (四海) - meaning the whole world in classical Chinese - rising (升) in peace (平). It depicts universal peace and harmony across all lands. The phrase was used to describe golden ages of good governance. Modern usage describes periods of widespread peace and prosperity...

Anxious and unsettled

Literal: Seven up eight down

This numerical idiom uses seven (七) up (上) and eight (八) down (下) to describe a state of anxious confusion, originating from Song Dynasty vernacular expressions. The numbers themselves carry no specific meaning beyond creating rhythmic opposition to represent mental turmoil. The phrase gained promin...

Many people busily working together in disorder

Literal: Seven hands eight feet

Tang Dynasty temple construction projects gave birth to this vivid phrase describing numerous hands (七手) and feet (八脚) moving simultaneously. The image of multiple workers in confined spaces, creating organized chaos, resonated through the ages. Song Dynasty writers found humor in these scenes of we...

Complete disorganization and messiness

Literal: Chaotic seven eight messy

Ming Dynasty vernacular literature gave us this wonderfully expressive phrase for utter chaos involving numerous (七八) elements in complete disarray (糟). Unlike more scholarly idioms, it emerged from the everyday language of households and marketplaces. Qing Dynasty novels employed it to paint vivid ...